SOLAR AA,AAA BATTERY CHARGER

These solar powered chargers will charge 2-4 AA NiMH batteries in about 3-6 hrs of sun, depending on the size of the solar panel, the battery capacity, and the amount of sun and panel orientation.
With a higher-wattage solar panel, you'll get faster charging, the ability to solar-charge C and D batteries, and you can add a splitter to charge multiple items at the same time.

LIST OF ENERGY

Energy is the ability to do work

Over the centuries we've used all kinds of different things as sources of energy; wood, whale oil, coal and most recently fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, etc...)

Fossil Fuel had its origin millions and millions of years ago from the remains of plants and animals. Its massive use as the main energy source has contributed to a huge increase of air pollution, especially noticed in big cities. It is also unsustainable, in other words, it is being used more rapidly than the time it takes for it to replenish itself. To avoid an energy crises and in order to guarantee a healthier future, we have to start using sustainable and clean forms of energy.

Sustainable energy comes from sources that can be used forever (e.g. the sun) or from sources that naturally replenish themselves quickly enough to make the source effectively everlasting

The solution to our energy needs is as complex as the problem itself. The best way to achieve a balance between supply and demand is to take advantage of the natural resources available in our area.

If you live in a windy area, the wind may be the best alternative to use as an energy source. If your area has plenty of sunlight, solar energy may be a better choice. However, a combination of these energy types and others can provide enough energy to sustain our demand.

Here are some examples of renewable energy:

Biomass

Quick growing plant crops and plant residues can be converted into fuels or burned to produce electricity.

Biofuel

Is a fuel made from plants. Biofuel can be used alone or with a combination of other fuels. Since it contains oxygen, biofuel can be added to gasoline or diesel for a cleaner burn.

Ethanol (a type of alcohol)

Is one of the most common biofuels. Brazil, the world’s largest producer of ethanol, makes its ethanol using sugar cane. The United States, the second largest producer of ethanol uses corn.

Geothermal Energy

Has its origin deep within the earth's core. Water is pumped into the ground, heated and transformed into steam that is used to generate power.

Hydro Energy

Water from rivers (moving water) is used to generate electricity.

Nuclear Energy

When the atomic nuclei of certain elements (e.g. uranium) is split it releases great amounts of heat. The heat transforms water into steam that powers giant electric generators.

Solar Energy

Passive - Specially designed pipes heat water as it flows through them. The heated water is then stored in a tank. This application is mainly used in residences.

Active - Solar cells (photovoltaic or PV cells) like those on our solar car, transform sunlight into electricity.

Tidal Energy

Tides originate from the attractive force (gravity) that exists between the earth, moon and sun. The movement of rising and falling water is used to generate energy.

Waste Energy

Is produced by burning garbage (waste) to generate electricity. Some industries like paper mills use waste to fuel boilers which in turn generate steam for running machinery in their plants.

Wind Energy

As air moves and creates wind, the energy can be harvested by wind turbines that transform it into electricity.

BUILD A SOLAR CAR

Before you start, make sure you have an adult or a teacher helping you. Building a mini solar car can be just as much fun as building a real one. You will be addressing the same challenges as we do, dealing with efficiency, power, weight, etc...The more accurate you build your car and the more you pay attention to details the better your car will perform. For example, if you make your car too heavy or with too much friction it may not move very well.

You will be able to find most of the materials listed below at home. The motor and solar cells you may be able to find at your local hobby or electronic store. Be safe and have fun!

Tools and Materials

Materials - 5 water bottle caps, pop caps or film canister caps - 1 wire hanger or similar piece of hard straight wire - 1 plastic straw - 1 small or medium elastic band - 2 solar cells (sometimes the cell will already come with wires and a motor) - 1 small 1 1/2 volt motor or a similar one (make sure that the motor has a small pulley, if not you will have to get one) - A small wire to connect the solar cells to the motor ( may be included with the motor and/or cell when you buy it...if not you will need to get one) - 1 rectangular piece of thin wood-board or a piece of cardboard (e.g. pizza box) about 7 X 20cm (2 1/2 X 8 inches) - tape - glue or hot glue gun - sun

Suggested List of Tools - 1 pair of pliers - 1 small pointy screw (it will be used to make holes in the caps) - 1 pair of scissors - Hot glue gun (optional) - screw driver - ruler - pen or pencil

How To Assemble

	The Wheels 4 of the caps will be used as wheels. Drill a hole in the center of all the caps just big enough to pass the wire through. It is important to be in the center as much as possible. The Pulley 1 cap will be used as a pulley. Using a pair of scissors, remove the part of the cap that screws onto the bottle, leaving only the top flat part. The inside part of the cap is designed with a small inner wall to hug the bottle rim to give it a tight fit and prevent leaks, this inner wall will serve as the support for the pulley. Please note that not all caps are made the same or may not contain the rim. In this case you may want to use a film canister top instead of a bottle cap.
	Building the Driving Wheel Glue one cap and the pulley together, make sure that the holes are aligned and make sure that the higher part of the pulley is on the outside, creating a groove in the middle. Axles Cut 2 pieces of wire about 12cm long (4 1/2 inches), make sure that they are straight. Cut 4 pieces of straw about 2 1/2cms (1 inch). Slide 2 pieces of straw onto each wire. Place the driving wheel on one end of a piece of wire (the open part of the cap facing outside). Add the other caps on to the end of the wires, all with the open part facing outside. Glue the caps on to the ends of the wires (make sure that they are all centered otherwise your car will wiggle and may not drive straight). You may want to do one at a time and let the glue dry before doing the other wheels (be patient).
	The Base or Chassis Place each axle about 1 1/2cm (> 1/2 inch) from each end of the thin wood board (or cardboard). Use a piece of tape (over the wire) to hold the axle in place while you adjust its position. Once you have it in place use another piece of tape, this time over the straw. Adjust the space between the straw and the wheel in a way to prevent the wheels from moving too much and keep it centered as much as possible. Once positioned properly, tape the straws in place to the wood-board or cardboard.
	The Motor The motor will be connected to the driving wheel with the elastic band, so position the motor on the wood-board or cardboard (close to the driving wheel) in a way to keep the elastic band stretched from the driving wheel to the motor (not too much not too little) and straight with the pulley. Mark the place with a pen or pencil. To secure the motor in place you may want to build some sort of support instead of gluing it permanently to the base. This way you can use the same motor again for another solar car or future project. Use 2 small pieces of wood or a small folded strip of cardboard and glue them on each side of the motor. Once the glue is dry all you will need to secure the motor in place is a small piece of tape going across it which will anchor it to the cars chassis.
	The Solar Cells Connect the solar cells together, the positive of one cell to the negative of the other cell. Use either a thin strip of metal (connectors) or use a piece of small wire. Tape the back of the cell together to secure them. You may want to build a support for the cells to secure them in place and keep them from sliding off the car. The support can be built by using a piece of hard wire, similar to a hanger, laid across the chassis (preferably use an aluminum wire as it is lighter).
	Final Step Connect the cells to the motor by using small wires. To reverse the direction that the motor will turn just switch the connection around. Add the elastic band between the driving wheel and the motor, and Presto!
	Congratulations! You just finished building a mini green machine.
	Running the Solar Car Take your car outside, to a flat smooth surface with lots of sun and have fun (preferably to a park and not on the street). Don't forget to name your car, we called ours xof1 (the short form of "The Power of One"). If you want to see other cool solar cars check out our "Links" for links to colleges, universities and even private teams that are building solar cars (it may be a team in your area). The solar car team members are friendly and are always eager to help a fellow solar car enthusiast, and who knows, you may even join one of them in the future. Also visit About Us - "Team" to meet all the nice people on our team.
	Explore Get your friends involved too and have a friendly competition. Whose car goes the fastest and why? Add more cells. What happens? Add the cells in parallel (negative to negative and positive to positive). What happens? Try adding or removing weight to and from the car. How fast does it move? Try modifying the design of the car (axles closer together in the center or towards one end). Is it less stable? Why? What happens if you change the size of the wheels? Does it lose power? Does it go faster?

SOLAR D LITE S1

I BROUGHT THIS LIGHT... IT IS VERY GOOD IN QUALITY AND LOW PRICE...

About d.light S1 d.light S1 is an all-purpose, high-brightness solar LED light designed to make solar lighting available and affordable to all. Following in d.light's tradition of quality and durability, it combines an attractive price point with functional design. Light Performance d.light S1 provides up to 4 hours of light on a full day's charge and uses highly efficient LEDs. It provides focused lighting that can be easily oriented in any direction, and is ideal for studying or working. Solar and AC Charging d.light S1 can be fully charged in one day with the integrated solar panel, or it can be charged in a few hours through the AC power grid using any standard 2mm Nokia mobile charger. Product Design d.light S1 is highly efficient and easy to use. It has no detachable parts and includes an integrated solar panel that makes recharging simple and easy. Its adjustable handle allows flexible usage. d.light S1 can easily orient toward the sun during the day and focus its light at night. The product can be carried, hung from the wall or ceiling, or placed on any surface.

EXPERIMENTS ON ELECTROMAGNETISM

Electric current flowing through a wire creates a magnetic field that attracts ferromagnetic objects, such as iron or steel. This is the principle behind electromagnets and magnetic levitation trains. It allows cranes to pick up whole cars in the junkyard and makes your doorbell ring. You can read about it here, and then watch it work when you do these experiments. (Adult supervision recommended.)

Experiment 1: Electromagnetic Suction

A single strand of wire produces only a very weak magnetic field, but a tight coil of wire (called a solenoid) gives off a stronger field. In this experiment you will use an electric current running through a solenoid to suck a needle into a straw!

Materials:

• drinking straw
• 5 feet insulated copper wire
• 6-volt battery
• needle

Procedure:
1. Make your solenoid. Take five feet of insulated copper wire and wrap it tightly around the straw. Your solenoid should be about 3 inches long, so you'll have enough wire to wrap a couple layers.

2. Trim the ends of the straw so they just stick out of the solenoid.

3. Hold the solenoid horizontally and put the end of the needle in the straw and let go. What happens?

4. Now strip an inch of insulation off each end of the wire and connect the ends to the 6-volt battery. Insert the needle part-way in the straw again and let go. This time what happens? (Don't leave the wire hooked up to the battery for more than a few seconds at a time - it will get hot and drain the battery very quickly)

When you hooked your solenoid up to a battery an electric current flowed through the coils of wire creating a magnetic field. This field attracted the needle just like a magnet and sucked it into the straw. Try some more experiments with your solenoid - will more coils make it suck the needle in faster? Will it still work with just a few coils? Make a prediction and then try it out!

Experiment 2: Electromagnet

As you saw in the last experiment, electric current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field. This principle comes in very handy in the form of an electromagnet. An electromagnet is wire tightly wrapped around a ferromagnetic core. When the wire is connected to a battery, it produces a magnetic field that magnetizes the core. The magnetic fields of the core and the solenoid work together to make a very strong magnet. The best part about it is that the magnetic force stops when the electricity is turned off! Try it yourself with this experiment:

Materials:

• 5 feet insulated copper wire
• 6-volt battery
• large iron nail
• paperclips

Procedure:
1. Tightly wrap the wire around the nail to make a solenoid with a ferromagnetic core. If you have enough wire, wrap more than one layer. (If your nail fits inside the straw from the last experiment, you can use that solenoid instead of rewrapping the wire.)

2. Try to pick up some paperclips with the wire-wrapped nail. Can you do it?

2. Strip an inch of insulation off each end of the wire.

3. Hook up the wire to the battery and try again to pick up the paperclips with the nail. This time the electricity will create a magnetic field and the nail will attract paperclips! (Don't leave the wire hooked up to the battery for more than a few seconds at a time - it will get hot and drain the battery very quickly.)

Experiment some more with your electromagnet. Count how many paperclips it can pick up. If you coil more wire around it will it pick up more paperclips? How many paperclips can you pick up if you only use half as much wire? What would happen if you used a smaller battery, like a D-size? Predict what you think will happen and then try it out!

Experiment 3: Magnetic Propulsion

A maglev (magnetically levitated) train doesn't use a regular engine like a normal train. Instead, electromagnets in the track produce a magnetic force that pushes the train from behind and pulls it from the front. You can get an idea of how it works using some permanent magnets and a toy car.

Materials:

• toy car
• 3 bar magnets

Procedure:
1. Tape a bar magnet to small toy car with the north pole at the back of the car and the south pole at the front.

2. Put the car on a hard surface, like a linoleum floor or a table. Hold a bar magnet behind the car with the south pole facing the car. As you move it near the car, what happens? The south pole of your magnet repels the north pole of the magnet on the car, making the car move forward.

3. Have someone else hold another magnet in front of the car, with the north pole facing the car. Does the car move faster with one magnet "pushing" from behind and the other magnet "pulling" from ahead?

In our example, the permanent magnets have to move with the car to keep it going. In a maglev track, though, the electromagnets just change their poles by changing the direction of the electric current. They stay in the same spot, but their poles change as the train goes by so it will always be repelled from the electromagnets behind it and attracted by the electromagnets in front of it!

ATTRACTION OF ELECTRONS

One of the laws of electromagnetism is that like (similar) charges repel and opposite charges attract. The more charge something has, the more it attracts or repels. Also, the closer two charges are to each other, the greater the attraction or repulsion between them.

You can demonstrate how charges attract and repel with the following experiment. Hang two inflated balloons from a door frame or ceiling so that they are just touching. Take a sweater or wool sock and rub the sides of both balloons to negatively charge them - the balloons will pick up extra electrons from the sweater. What happens? The balloons will repel each other - the two negative charges push each other away. What do you think will happen if you stick your hand, which is positively charged, in between the two balloons? Because the balloons have a negative charge, they will be attracted and move toward the positive charge of your hand.

The Law of Change Conservation states that the net amount of electric charge is constant, so electrons can only move from one place to another - they don't disappear. This means that if one thing gains electrons and becomes negatively charged, something else has lost electrons and become positively charged. In your experiment, the balloons picked up the extra electrons and became negatively charged, while the wool lost electrons.

HOME MADE BATTERIES

You can make a simple battery with some pennies and circles of aluminum foil and wet paper towels (soaked in a salt water solution - try one teaspoon salt to 6 oz. tap water) that are the same size as the pennies. You will also need insulated wire. (Adult supervision recommended.)
1.  Make your battery by stacking 12 "cells" against each other, each cell made up of one penny, one wet paper towel circle, and one foil circle in that order.
2.   Wrap a 8-10" piece of insulated wire with stripped ends around the battery once and twist the ends together against the battery so that the wire holds the cells together.
3.   Next, touch the bare ends of the wire to each end of the battery. If you're in a dark room, you might see a spark as your battery produces an electric current. Another way to test the battery is with a voltage meter or multimeter.
Note that U.S. pennies made before 1982 are 95% copper, but newer pennies only have a 2.5% copper coating. For further experimentation, compare the electric current when you make a battery using only older pennies and one using only newer pennies. You could also experiment with a stronger salt water solution or plain tap water.

SOLAR OVEN

Materials:

• Cardboard pizza box (the kind delivered pizza comes in)
• Box knife or scissors
• Aluminum foil
• Clear tape
• Plastic wrap (a heavy-duty or freezer zip lock bag will also work)
• Black construction paper
• Newspapers
• Ruler, or wooden spoon

What to Do:

1. Use a box knife or sharp scissors to cut a flap in the lid of the pizza box. Cut along three sides, leaving about an inch between the sides of the flap and the edges of the lid. Fold this flap out so that it stands up when the box lid is closed.
2. Cover the inner side of the flap with aluminum foil so that it will reflect rays from the sun. To do this, tightly wrap foil around the flap, then tape it to the back, or outer side of the flap.
3. Use clear plastic wrap to create an airtight window for sunlight to enter into the box. Do this by opening the box and taping a double layer of plastic wrap over the opening you made when you cut the flap in the lid. Leave about an inch of plastic overlap around the sides and tape each side down securely, sealing out air. If you use a plastic bag, cut out a square big enough to cover the opening, and tape one layer over the opening.
4. Line the bottom of the box with black construction paper - black absorbs heat. The black surface is where your food will be set to cook.
5. To insulate your oven so it holds in more heat, roll up sheets of newspaper and place them on the bottom of the box. Tape them down so that they form a border around the cooking area. The newspaper rolls should make it so that the lid can still close, but there is a seal inside of the box, so air cannot escape.
6. The best hours to set up your solar oven are when the sun is high overhead - from 11 am to 3 pm. Take it outside to a sunny spot and adjust the flap until the most sunlight possible is reflecting off the aluminum foil and onto the plastic-covered window. Use a ruler to prop the flap at the right angle. You may want to angle the entire box by using a rolled up towel.
7. You can make toast by buttering a slice of bread, or sprinkling cheese on it, then letting the sun do the rest. Cooking a hot dog or making nachos with chips and cheese are also fun treats to make in your solar oven! It would also work great to heat up leftovers. So the paper at the bottom doesn't get dirty, put what you would like to cook on a clear plastic or glass plate. A pie plate would work well.
8. To take food out of the oven, open up the lid of the pizza box, and using oven mitts or potholders, lift the glass dish out of the oven.

What's happening?

The heat from the sun is trapped inside of your pizza box solar oven, and it starts getting very hot. Ovens like this one are called collector boxes, because they collect the sunlight inside. As it sits out in the sun, your oven eventually heats up enough to melt cheese, or cook a hot dog! How does it happen? Rays of light are coming to the earth at an angle. The foil reflects the ray, and bounces it directly into the opening of the box. Once it has gone through the plastic wrap, it heats up the air that is trapped inside. The black paper absorbs the heat at the bottom of the oven, and the newspaper make sure that the heat stays where it is, instead of escaping out the sides of the oven.

Your solar oven will reach about 200° F on a sunny day, and will take longer to heat things than a conventional oven. Although this method will take longer, it is very easy to use, and it is safe to leave alone while the energy from the sun cooks your food. If you do not want to wait long to have a solar-cooked dish, try heating up something that has already been cooked, like leftovers, or a can of soup. Putting solid food in a glass dish and liquids in a heavy plastic zip lock bag works well. You can also pre-heat your oven by setting it in direct sun for up to an hour.

Other recipes you may want to try are making baked potatoes, rice with vegetables, chocolate fondue, s'mores, and roasted apples with cinnamon and sugar. Even on partly cloudy days there may be enough heat and light from the sun to slow cook a special dish. Here are a few tips for having success with your solar oven:

• Stir liquids (if you're cooking something like fondue, rice, or soup) every 10 minutes. You can rotate solid food every 10-15 minutes as well, so it cooks evenly.
• Reposition your solar oven when needed, so that it faces direct sunlight. You should be checking periodically on your oven, to make sure it is in the sun.
• Make sure that the foil-covered flap is reflecting light into the pizza box, through the plastic-covered window.

HOW TO GET PAN CARD

1.  Log on to https://tin.tin.nsdl.com/pan/index.html
2.  Fill the PAN Application online and submit
3.  On submission an acknowledgement number will be displayed.
4.  Print this acknowledgement.
5.  Affix a colour photo on the acknowledgement and sign at relevant places.
6.  Pay the requisite fees ( Rs. 67/- ) by credit/debit card.
7.  Send the completed acknowledgement, a proof of address and a proof of identity to 'Income Tax PAN Services Unit,      NationalSecurities Depository Limited, 3rd floor, Sapphire Chambers, Near Baner Telephone Exchange, Baner, Pune      411045'.
8.  Your PAN will be delivered at your doorstep.
9.  You can check the status at https://tin.tin.nsdl.com/tan/StatusTrack.html
10. Alternatively you can download the forms.

http://chennaionline.com/money/reachtax/download/Pan.zip 

USB CHARGER

require:

LM or MC 7805 +5VDC Voltage Regulator
Type-A Female USB Port
100 UF Electrolytic Capacitor 10-50v
0.1-0.5 UF Capacitor  6-50v (any type would do)
150-160 ohm Resistor (optional)
9V Battery clip
2.2V 20mA LED color of your choice (optional)
Unprinted circuit board
ON/OFF Switch (optional)
another idea: